Fd

An Fd.t is a wrapper around a Unix file descriptor, with additional information about the kind of file descriptor and logic to ensure that we don't use a file descriptor that has been closed, or close a file descriptor that is in use. Since Async uses multiple threads to make read/write and other system calls on file descriptors, and Unix reuses descriptors after they are closed, Async has to be very careful that the file descriptor passed to a system call is referring to the file it intends, and not some other completely unrelated file that Unix has decided to assign to the same descriptor.

Provided that one only accesses a file descriptor within the context of the functions below, Fd guarantees that the file descriptor will not have been closed/reused and will correspond to the same file that it did when the Fd.t was created:

      with_file_descr
      with_file_descr_deferred
      syscall
      syscall_exn
      syscall_in_thread
      syscall_in_thread_exn

The Fd module keeps track of which of these functions that are currently accessing the file descriptor, and ensures that any close happens after they complete. Also, once close has been called, it refuses to provide further access to the file descriptor, either by returning a variant, `Already_closed, or raising an exception.

Some of the above functions take an optional ?nonblocking:bool argument. The default is false, but if it is set to true, then before supplying the underlying file_descr, the Fd module will first call Unix.set_nonblock file_descr, if it hasn't previously done so on that file descriptor. This is intended to support making nonblocking system calls (e.g. connect, read, write) directly within async, without releasing the OCaml lock or the async lock, and without using another thread.

to_string t returns a pretty sexp of the representation of t

create kind file_descr creates a new t of the underlying kind and file descriptor.

kind t returns the kind of file descriptor that t is.

supports_nonblock t returns true if t supports nonblocking system calls.

clear_nonblock t clears the ``non-blocking'' flag on t and causes and causes async to treat the fd as though it doesn't support nonblocking I/O. This is useful for applications that want to share a file descriptor between async and non-async code and want to avoid EWOULDBLOCK or EAGAIN being seen by the non-async code, which would then cause a Sys_blocked_io exception.

clear_nonblock t has no effect if not (supports_nonblock t).

close t prevents further use of t, and closes the underlying file descriptor once all the current uses are finished. The result of close becomes determined once the underlying file descriptor has been closed, i.e. once the close() system call returns. It is ok to call close multiple times on the same t; calls subsequent to the initial call will have no effect, but will return the same deferred as the original call.

In some situations, one may need to cause async to release an fd that it is managing without closing the underlying file descriptor. In that case, one should supply ~should_close_file_descriptor:false, which will skip the underlying close() system call.

close_finished t becomes determined after the close() system call on t's underlying file descriptor returns. close_finished differs from close in that it does not have the side effect of initiating a close.

is_closed t returns true iff close t has been called.

with_close t f applies f to t, returns the result of f, and closes t.

is_open t is not (is_closed t)

stdin, stdout, and stderr are wrappers around the standard Unix file descriptors.

with_file_descr t f runs f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, then it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

with_file_descr_exn is like with_file_descr except that it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

with_file_descr_deferred t f runs f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, then it does not call f and returns `Already_closed. It ensures that the file descriptor underlying t is not closed until the result of f becomes determined (or f raises).

ready_to_interruptible t read_write ~interrupt returns a deferred that will become determined when the file descriptor underlying t can be read from or written to without blocking, or when interrupt becomes determined.

ready_to t read_write is like ready_to_interruptible, but without the possibility of interruption.

syscall t f runs Async_unix.syscall with f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

syscall_exn t f is like syscall, except it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

syscall_in_thread t f runs In_thread.syscall with f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns a deferred that becomes determined with `Ok or `Error when the system call completes. If is_closed t, it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

syscall_in_thread_exn is like syscall_in_thread, except it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

of_in_channel and of_out_channel create an fd from their underlying file descriptor.

of_in_channel_auto ic is just like of_in_channel, but uses fstat to determine the kind. It makes some assumptions about sockets, specifically it assumes that a socket is either listening, or connected to something (and it uses getsockopt to find out which). Don't pass an in_channel containing an unconnected non-listening socket.

of_out_channel_auto ic is just like of_out_channel, but uses fstat to determine the kind. It makes some assumptions about sockets, specifically it assumes that a socket is either listening, or connected to something (and it uses getsockopt to find out which). Don't pass an in_channel containing an unconnected non listening socket.

file_descr_exn t returns the file descriptor underlying t, unless is_closed t, in which case it raises. One must be very careful when using this function, and should try not to, since any uses of the resulting file descriptor are unknown to the Fd module, and hence can violate the guarantee it is trying to enforce.

to_int_exn t returns the the underlying file descriptor as an int. It has the same caveats as file_descr_exn.

replace t kind is for internal use only, by Unix_syscalls. It is used when one wants to reuse a file descriptor in an fd with a new kind.

We thought about using fstat() rather than requiring the user to supply the kind. But fstat can block, which would require putting this in a thread, which has some consequences, and it isn't clear that it gets us that much. Also, create is mostly used within the Async implementation -- clients shouldn't need it unless they are mixing Async and non-Async code.

kind t returns the kind of file descriptor that t is.

supports_nonblock t returns true if t supports nonblocking system calls.

clear_nonblock t clears the ``non-blocking'' flag on t and causes and causes async to treat the fd as though it doesn't support nonblocking I/O. This is useful for applications that want to share a file descriptor between async and non-async code and want to avoid EWOULDBLOCK or EAGAIN being seen by the non-async code, which would then cause a Sys_blocked_io exception.

clear_nonblock t has no effect if not (supports_nonblock t).

close t prevents further use of t, and closes the underlying file descriptor once all the current uses are finished. The result of close becomes determined once the underlying file descriptor has been closed, i.e. once the close() system call returns. It is ok to call close multiple times on the same t; calls subsequent to the initial call will have no effect, but will return the same deferred as the original call.

is_closed t returns true iff close t has been called.

with_close t f applies f to t, returns the result of f, and closes t.

is_open t is not (is_closed t)

stdin, stdout, and stderr are wrappers around the standard Unix file descriptors.

with_file_descr t f runs f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, then it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

with_file_descr_exn is like with_file_descr except that it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

with_file_descr_deferred t f runs f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, then it does not call f and returns `Already_closed. It ensures that the file descriptor underlying t is not closed until the result of f becomes determined (or f raises).

ready_to_interruptible t read_write ~interrupt returns a deferred that will become determined when the file descriptor underlying t can be read from or written to without blocking, or when interrupt becomes determined.

ready_to t read_write is like ready_to_interruptible, but without the possibility of interruption.

syscall t f runs Async_unix.syscall with f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns `Ok or `Error according to f. If is_closed t, it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

syscall_exn t f is like syscall, except it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

syscall_in_thread t f runs In_thread.syscall with f on the file descriptor underlying t, if is_open t, and returns a deferred that becomes determined with `Ok or `Error when the system call completes. If is_closed t, it does not call f and returns `Already_closed.

syscall_in_thread_exn is like syscall_in_thread, except it raises rather than return `Already_closed or `Error.

of_in_channel and of_out_channel create an fd from their underlying file descriptor.

of_in_channel_auto ic is just like of_in_channel, but uses fstat to determine the kind. It makes some assumptions about sockets, specifically it assumes that a socket is either listening, or connected to something (and it uses getsockopt to find out which). Don't pass an in_channel containing an unconnected non-listening socket.

of_out_channel_auto ic is just like of_out_channel, but uses fstat to determine the kind. It makes some assumptions about sockets, specifically it assumes that a socket is either listening, or connected to something (and it uses getsockopt to find out which). Don't pass an in_channel containing an unconnected non listening socket.

file_descr_exn t returns the file descriptor underlying t, unless is_closed t, in which case it raises. One must be very careful when using this function, and should try not to, since any uses of the resulting file descriptor are unknown to the Fd module, and hence can violate the guarantee it is trying to enforce.

to_int_exn t returns the the underlying file descriptor as an int. It has the same caveats as file_descr_exn.

replace t kind is for internal use only, by Unix_syscalls. It is used when one wants to reuse a file descriptor in an fd with a new kind.

Module Fd